The automatic interplanetary station Juno filmed a volcanic eruption on the Io satellite.
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NASA's Juno
spacecraft has finished its most recent flyby of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io.
The spacecraft made two close approaches in the past month, obtaining images of
the moon's extreme geological activity from just 1,500 kilometers away.
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Io is one
of Jupiter's "Galilean satellites" and was first discovered by
astronomer Galileo Galilei himself back in 1610. At 3,642 kilometers in
diameter, Io is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter. Its surface features
towering mountains, expansive plains, and volcanic calderas.
But what
really sets Io apart is that it hosts the most vigorously erupting volcanoes in
the entire solar system. The volcanism is driven by intense tidal forces from
the gravitational pull of Jupiter and neighboring moons. This generates
substantial internal heating that frequently bursts out onto Io's surface.
"By
observing Io over time, scientists can track the variability of volcanoes, the
frequency of their eruption, brightness, and even whether they are isolated or
grouped," said Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator at the
Southwest Research Institute.
The
recent Juno photos showcase volcanic plumes erupting from the surface. Over the
past month, the spacecraft made two flybys to determine whether Io has a global
subsurface magma ocean that feeds its prodigious lava flows.
Juno has
been orbiting Jupiter since July 2016 to study the giant planet's atmosphere,
magnetosphere, and interior structure. But the hardy spacecraft has also
examined some of Jupiter's moons during its long mission.
"The
goal is to determine whether there is an ocean of global magma beneath the
surface of Io, feeding lava lakes and volcanic eruptions," said an expert
familiar with the mission.
The new
Io flybys provided closeup views of erupting volcanoes at a resolution
impossible to match from Earth. After over seven years in operation, the
successful Juno mission only has a few months left before its scheduled
conclusion in September 2025. But in that time, we can expect new bursts of
unforgettable images from deep in our solar system.
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